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In 1805, after Napoleon's conquest of Europe, war broke out between France and Russia. However, life in Russian high society remained tranquil and leisurely, with social balls continuing as usual. Young Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, after entrusting his pregnant wife to his father, who had retired to his estate "Bald Mountain," and his sister Maria, went to the front as adjutant to General Kutuzov, hoping the war would bring him glory and honor. Andrei's close friend, Pierre Bezukhov, recently returned from studying abroad, was one of Moscow's leading capitalists and a darling of social circles. His scheming guardian, Prince Kuragin, seeing this, plotted to marry his beautiful but morally questionable daughter, Irene, to him. The scheme succeeded, but the marriage proved disastrous. In November of the same year, Andrei's Russian army was defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz. After enduring numerous hardships, Andrei returned to Bald Mountain. That night, his wife Lisa gave birth to a baby boy, but she died in childbirth. Andrei, plunged into loneliness and despair, felt his life was over and resolved to spend his remaining years on the estate. Meanwhile, shortly after their marriage, Pierre discovered an affair between his wife Helen and her friend Dolokhov. To protect his reputation, he dueled Dolokhov. After successfully defeating him, Pierre separated from his wife and was torn between good and evil, and between life and death. Soon after, Pierre joined Freemasonry and developed a philosophy of life. With great generosity, he took his wife back. 11:56 00:00/11:56 Shanghai Translation Publishing House Classic Russian Edition of War and Peace, p. 6: Pierre duels with his adulterer Dolokhov for honor In February 1807, the Russo-Austrian allied forces fought a brutal battle against the French army at Erlau, with both sides suffering heavy losses. In June, Napoleon and the Tsar signed a peace treaty, and a temporary period of peace began. In the spring of 1809, Andrei visited Prince Rostov on business with the nobility. At the prince's house, he was immediately captivated by the vibrant and beautiful princess, Natasha, who accepted his proposal. However, the old prince, Bald Mountain, objected, deeming her insufficiently wealthy and too young. They eventually agreed to marry a year later. Soon after, Andrei went abroad. Natasha, heartbroken, agreed to wait a year but could not bear the loneliness. She met Anatole, Helen's brother. Under his influence, the two decided to elope. Thus, her engagement to Andrei was nullified. This was a devastating blow to Andrei's proud character, causing him immense suffering. However, due to his busy military duties, he gradually forgot about the matter. In 1812, Napoleon broke the original peace treaty and led his army across the Neman River, reigniting the conflict between Russia and France. The aging General Kutuzov was determined to stop the French advance, but due to tactical errors and other reasons, the Russians failed to achieve a decisive victory. The battle continued, with heavy losses on both sides. Finally, the Russian and French armies engaged in an exceptionally fierce battle at Borodino. Clearly, this was the worst battle the Russian army had ever fought. Kutuzov was forced to declare that his army was incapable of defending Moscow, while Napoleon, as the victor, advanced into yet another empty city. Andrei was seriously wounded in the Battle of Borodino. The Rostov family repurposed their wagons, originally used to transport their property, to carry the wounded. Natasha unexpectedly found the dying Andrei among the wounded. She apologized to him and cared for him tenderly. Their old feelings rekindled, but it was too late. Andrei's wounds worsened, and he soon died in his sleep. 03:44 00:00/03:44 A three-minute overview of Tolstoy's epic masterpiece, *War and Peace*. Pierre remained in Moscow, determined to become a national hero. Disguised as a peasant, he plotted to assassinate Napoleon, but was captured while rescuing a Russian woman being violated by French soldiers. Pierre's wife, Helene, unable to control her promiscuity amidst the war, eventually died from accidentally overdosing on an abortifacient. Napoleon's army completely disintegrated in the deserted city of Moscow. He waited wearily, hoping the Tsar would demand a peace treaty. But that day never came, and he was forced to abandon Moscow and return to France. On the way to Smolensk, the French army utterly collapsed, becoming a disorganized mob fleeing and looting. Under constant harassment from the Cossacks, many Russian prisoners of war were rescued, and Pierre regained his freedom. Russia finally won the war. Pierre returned to Moscow and resumed his friendship with the Rostov and Bolkonsky families. Natasha attracted him, and he suddenly realized that Natasha had grown up. So when the time was right, he asked her parents for their consent to their marriage. At the same time, Natasha's brother Nikolai was also considering marrying Andrei's sister Maria. Pierre and Natasha married and lived happily. The once simple and frivolous woman became a hardworking and capable wife. Eight years after their marriage, they had four lovely and intelligent children. Natasha devoted herself entirely to her husband and children. They found that their lives fulfilled their past dreams. Although Nikolai was not entirely sure of his love for Maria, he knew that the marriage was wise and appropriate. They adopted Andrei's son Nikolai, and lived a very happy life. [4] War and Peace tells the story of what happened in Russia during the Napoleonic era in Europe. The story centers on the Russo-French War of 1812 and reflects major events from 1805 to 1820. Through the depiction of the thoughts and actions of the four families and Andrei, Pierre and Natasha in the context of war and peace, the novel presents the social landscape of Russia at that time. In War and Peace, there are as many as 559 characters, each of whom is a living, breathing human being with their own unique personality and full of the pulse of life. Human joy, pain, and all kinds of inner thoughts are all present in this masterpiece. Since its publication, War and Peace has been considered one of the greatest novels in the world. [27] 01:38 War and Peace: Personal Fate and the Torrent of History Background of Creation Broadcast Editing Historical Background In 1855, Alexander II ascended the throne. At that time, the Tsarist government was weakened by the military defeat during the Crimean War, peasant uprisings were surging, and the calls for reform from all sides were growing stronger. Under these circumstances, Alexander II was forced to abolish serfdom and implement some liberal reform policies. The Decembrists who had been exiled to Siberia for the failure of the uprising in 1825 were also pardoned at this time. [5] The emancipation of serfs in 1861 marked the collapse of Russian serfdom and its rapid march toward Western capitalism. After much searching in the 1850s and early 1860s, Tolstoy finally published War and Peace. [6] In the early 19th century, Russia experienced two counterattacks against the invasion of Napoleon's army. These were two just wars of defending the country, in which the Russian people were united as never before, regardless of wealth or status, and even men, women, and children, united against the common enemy, effectively resisting Napoleon's offensive and thwarting his conquest. Tolstoy believed that in order to solve the problem of its social direction in the 1860s, Russia needed to return to this history and to the struggle of the people working together in that history, and thus created War and Peace. [7] Author Background In 1860, while traveling abroad, Tolstoy met a distant relative in Florence, Italy, the famous Decembrist Sergei G. Volkonsky, who had been pardoned from exile in Siberia. A long conversation with Volkonsky inspired the author to write a novel about the Decembrists. On March 26, 1861, he wrote to Herzen in Brussels, stating that he had begun conceiving a novel four months earlier, with the protagonist being a Decembrist who had returned from Siberia. He envisioned this Decembrist as a fanatic, mystic, and Christian. He saw the new Russia through a harsh, somewhat idealistic lens. The author read the beginning to Turgenev, who approved of the first few chapters. The novel was abandoned after only three chapters. In 1863, Tolstoy resumed writing. The beginning of the work consisted of fifteen drafts. The title of the first draft was "Three Periods." He wanted to write a trilogy about the Decembrists (i.e., 1812, 1825 and 1856). He abandoned this beginning. The title of the second draft of the beginning part was "From 1805 to 1814 - The Novel of Count Leo Tolstoy (1805, Part 1)". It was from this draft that Tolstoy formed an idea: to write a historical novel about Russia's war with Napoleon, which was expected to be several parts, the first of which was called "1805". Tolstoy later wrote three more drafts. The fifteenth draft is the beginning of "War and Peace" that readers read. [5] Character introduction Broadcast Editing The four major families The Kuragin family The Kuragin family is a typical court noble family that is far removed from the people. They are the representatives of greed, stupidity and shamelessness of the court and high society. They are a family that has no sense of responsibility to the country and the nation. Insidious, cunning, and without any integrity or moral concept are the main characteristics of this family. When Russia was in trouble and Napoleon approached Moscow, they did not care about the safety of the country and always wanted to get promoted and make money. Kuragin's daughter, Ellen, was a "beautiful animal" who used her beauty to seduce people and lived a licentious life when the country was in danger. Kuragin's two sons, Ibourette and Anatol, were stupid and despicable. Their pursuit of happiness was all about drinking and leisure. [8] The Rostov family The Rostov family is a typical example of the patriarchal manor aristocracy idealized by the author. They were not rich, but they were full of joy and vitality. The Rostov family was close to the people and maintained the characteristics of simplicity, enthusiasm, sincerity and hospitality. They had the qualities of a warm-hearted manor aristocrat. When Napoleon invaded, they were all anxious about the fate of the country and determined to contribute all their strength to defend the country. Nikolai returned to the army to fight the enemy, and Natasha volunteered to serve the wounded. 15-year-old Petya gave up his wish to go to university and decided to join the army. In the end, he gave up his young life for the country. [8] The Bolkonsky Family The Bolkonsky family was characterized by integrity, patriotism, and aloofness, maintaining the "ancient style" of the old nobles who were loyal to the country. The old duke was known for his strictness. After retiring to the manor, he always distanced himself from the court and maintained a critical attitude towards the court. He had served in the army and attached great importance to Suvorov's military art. When his son Andrei bid him farewell to join the army, he particularly emphasized the honor of soldiers and the sense of responsibility of patriotism. The war of 1812 shocked him, and he resolutely gathered the militia to fight against the approaching enemy. In the midst of the intense patriotic activities, he suffered a stroke and was still concerned about the fate of his country before his death. His son Andrei was a patriot, and his daughter Maria was also an inheritor of the patriotic tradition. She trembled when she thought about being dominated by the French. [8] The Bezukhov Family The Bezukhov family was the wealthiest family in Moscow. Tolstoy did not write much about this family. This family was a patriotic family. Pierre was the representative figure of this family. [8] Representative figure Pierre Bezukhov Pierre was the illegitimate son of the illustrious and wealthy Count Bezukhov, and was therefore initially not accepted by high society. However, after he inherited almost all of his father's property, high society gave him the green light. He was simple, innocent, and warm-hearted, but also had a "superfluous man" air about him. His contradictions were most obvious. For example: Before Pierre left Andrei's house, Andrei advised him not to waste his time at the dissolute Anatoly's house. Pierre also hated his current life and readily agreed: "I swear (I will not go to his house)." It can be seen that his attitude was unusually firm. As soon as he left Andrei's house, Pierre thought of the routine gambling at Anatoly's house that night, followed by revelry and entertainment, and the thought of "it would be nice to go there" popped into his head. But at the same time, he still remembered the oath he had made to Andrei and forced himself not to go. However, his contradictory nature led to a continued internal struggle: "He (Pierre) thought to himself that his oath was meaningless, because he had sworn an oath to Prince Anatoly before swearing to Prince Andrei that he would go to his house. Finally, he thought that such oaths were irrelevant, especially considering that he might die tomorrow, or encounter some accident; then the oath was meaningless. Pierre often used such thoughts to dissuade himself from his resolve and intentions." In the end, after much hesitation and self-persuasion, Pierre still went to Anatoly's house. Furthermore, Pierre's contradictory nature is evident in his attitude towards Helen, a socialite (who later became his wife). When Pierre was still an illegitimate child, Helen's father, the sycophantic and cunning Prince Vasily, did not take him seriously. But after Pierre inherited a large fortune and became a wealthy man in St. Petersburg, Prince Vasily deliberately arranged for Pierre to fall in love with his daughter, Helen. The conflicted Pierre was sometimes captivated by Helen's stunning beauty and charm, and at other times disgusted by her promiscuity. He was sometimes smug about marrying such a socialite, and at other times felt he didn't love Helen at all, that it was all just a matter of necessity. When the upper-class people around him tried to matchmake him and Helen, he "felt for the first time that a recognized relationship had formed between him and Helen. This idea frightened him, as if it had given him an obligation he couldn't bear, but at the same time he was happy, because it was an interesting prospect." Pierre knew Helen was foolish, and that what she felt for him wasn't true love, but an ugly, base emotion. He had also heard the scandalous rumors that Helen had once been involved with his own brother. But he was powerless to refuse; he felt terrified, for at the same time, another thought—"Helen is a charming woman"—also surfaced in his mind. It was this contradiction that prevented Pierre from explicitly confessing his love to Helen. He vaguely sensed, however, that a union with Helen would not bring him happiness, and that he had to avoid her. Yet, a month and a half passed, and Pierre was still living in Helen's house. He felt fearfully that in people's eyes, his relationship with her was growing closer each day; he could no longer revert to his previous feelings for her, nor could he leave her. He felt compelled to bind his fate to Helen's. Pierre knew that everyone wanted him to cross the line and confess his love. He was unsure if he truly loved Helen. At Helen's name day party, his soul... He was restless, constantly torn between whether or not to confess his love to Helen. Finally, the shrewd Duke of Vasily, in front of all the guests, "revealed" everything, knowing full well that Pierre didn't love Helen, yet effortlessly pushing his daughter into the arms of the newly crowned Count Bezuhoff. However, old habits die hard, and Helen's flirtatious nature remained unchanged. After marrying the wealthy Pierre, she didn't remain faithful, instead having an affair with Taurokhoff. This greatly angered and unsettled Pierre. At a banquet, Taurokhoff provoked Pierre, who, unable to bear it any longer, pushed back his chair, stood up from behind the table, and firmly challenged Taurokhoff to a duel. "But on that day, before the duel began, Pierre's heart was in turmoil; he felt, why bother?"

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